Yahoo Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Yahoo - Research Paper Example Latest financial reports from Rockland Trust Company indicated that Yahoo announced an increase in net income for the full year to over $ 45.4 as appreciation or improvement of 12.9% when compared to previous year. Furthermore, annual sales for the year 2011 increased tremendous with acquisition of new customers all over the world. In 2011, yahoo experienced diluted earnings per share trading at $0.52. This shows a decrease of $0.04 on a diluted per share premises. In addition, this result incorporates a $757,000 prepayment penalty at the start of the fourth quarter that emanated in a $0.02 per share charge on the stock market coming from the company’s application or use excess money to pay down borrowings. In India, yahoo has embarked on talent acquisition program in order to capture young and vibrant generation who are interested to use its services such as getting sports updates and entertainment. This strategy has worked well since there is an increase in number of Indians employed by Yahoo Corporation and those who use its services. This strategy that the company has adopted in India is corporate strategy which is rational considering the business environment in which it operates in. It has worked well since in that young people in India are using Yahoo services in their corporate work. In Kenya, yahoo has changed its business strategy by focusing on middle income earners to participate in online businesses. The company gives chance to business people in Kenya to develop their websites and hosted free in order to boost its growth. This strategy has worked well in Kenya because the number of those who use Yahoo services has greatly increased. The strategy adopted in Kenya is marketing strategy. This strategy is resonant because businesses in Kenya are transforming to online services. It is showing success owing to the rate at which businesses are turning to

Define and Discuss ‘Retail Experience’ Essay Example for Free

Define and Discuss ‘Retail Experience’ Essay Define and discuss ‘retail experience’. Use a case study example to demonstrate its application. How does the retailer create and enhance value? Define and discuss ‘retail experience’. Use a case study example to demonstrate its application. How does the retailer create and enhance value? David Olu RETAIL MANAGEMENT Define and discuss ‘retail experience’. Use a case study example to demonstrate its application. How does the retailer create and enhance value? When people go shopping they want to encounter an enjoyable experience which will satisfy their needs so in recent years retailers have tried to take the shopping experience to another level in order to encourage consumers to build a relationship with the brand. The purpose of this essay will be to outline what is meant by the term â€Å"retail experience†. The main focus will be on a particular case study involving Apple in order to explain how the retailer goes on to enhance value. Retail experience can be seen as a process in which a retailer packages an experience together with products. (Berman B Evans J 2010) highlight that â€Å"A Retailers image depends heavily on its â€Å"atmosphere†. When looking at atmosphere it is the psychological feeling a customer gets when visiting the retailer.’’ It is noted that atmosphere can influence hedonic value this is an important aspect of the experience, because this is what plays a vital role in gaining a customer’s interest and it can help in leading the customer into the buying process. All of the major retailers will aim to provide a relaxing environment for their consumers because shopping is considered as fun and pleasurable (Jones, 1999). There are some key factors that contribute to this, first we look at music because it provides entertainment for shoppers Turley and Chebat (2002). Followed by lighting the appropriate use of it,  such as product spotlighting and dim ambient lighting, and thirdly the use of bright and vibrant colours. Swinyard (1993) reiterated this by pointing out that â€Å"Mood states are present in virtually every shopping encounter, and could have a significant effect on shopping behaviour†. And In Relation to this (Kemp and Kopp 2011) also put forward that Emotions shape our everyday existence, including our consumption and purchase behaviour. So this could mean that a consumer in a bad mood may tend to view shopping activities differently from one in a good mood. When a customer enters the store atmosphere they are not able to experience the music in seclusion or smell the scent without seeing the colours as well they do not walk on the floor-covering without feeling the ambient temperature. The typical customer experiences amounts of all these and other incentives as an on-going, collective experience. So it can be argued that most buying environments are purposefully designed to produce specific emotional effects in shoppers. Berman Evans J (2010) argued that â€Å"The presentation merchandise and the displays that bring shoppers into the store are very important in creating a retail image. So other factors which have to be considered when looking at retail experience is the layout of the shop itself because if the shop is nicely laid out it will encourage customers to spend more time in the shop than originally planned. So retailers have to consider the layout of the products and how they can appeal to customers and also clearly labelled displays if they have any in order to make the customers indentify what is on sell clearly. So it is always essential for a business to ensure that the shop is properly organised. A store exterior provides a powerful impact on a business’s image this should be planned effectively a store exterior consists of the total physical exterior of the store itself, with a storefront most retailers can present a traditional, trendy, upscale environment, in relation to retail experience customers who happen to pass a shop they usually judge a store by its exterior so this can be used to draw in customers with things like display windows showing products will be able to catch a customer’s attention  straight away most retailers make use of mannequins in order to grab people’s attention. Customers always want to feel valued and welcomed when they visit a shop so when they enter the shop they expect a good customer service from the members of staff this is crucially essential for an organisation to manage. Because not only will shoppers appreciate the store due to the products offered, or atmospherics’ but they will have more of a strong interest due to the kindness of the salesperson (Lombart and Jeandrain, 2003). If the members of staff are always available and helpful it will create a customer satisfaction and this can be considered as a key determining factor with benefits of repeat shopping and buying behaviour if managed effectively so with this it means that customers will always have a good experience, when they encounter polite and helpful members of staff and this will also create a positive image for the business. Promotion is another tool in which retailers will aim to provide satisfaction to their customers so in order for them to do this they implement special offers as a strategy to achieve this, if an organisation regularly provides promotion as part of its experience it will find that they will attract more customers. So for example retailers like Tesco or Asda regularly offer promotion and they go head to head on offers in order to gain draw in more people. Not only will offering promotions attract repeat custom it will also allow the organisation to generate profit. All different kind of Retailers will try to use different ways in order to bring that retail experience that their consumers desire so retailers who connect with customers through experiences which are personally relevant , memorable, interactive and also emotional are more likely to increase sales and brand loyalty and this is why experience stores such as Apple have emerged, reason being that they want customers to bond with the brand, at first hand , a â€Å"try before you buy† approach . Apple is one of the biggest leading technology companies in the world apple provides customers with an attractive and relaxed environment where they can  handle. â€Å"Apple has been developing its experience stores since 2001 and by the end of 2008 the company had opened some 250 increasingly sophisticated stores† (Jones, Comfort, 2010). Benghazi (2012) States that entertaining browsing experiences might help a browser to learn more about the offers and characteristics. Customers will be able to use knowledge in order to make a decision on whether they should purchase the product or not so in regards to this Apple provide their consumers with a live interaction of their products for example the Apple store in London’s regent street lets customers get involved in â€Å"Getting started workshops† this includes showing customers how to set up a new Mac, connecting to the internet and sending emails. This goes to show that Apple are trying to involve their customers with a firsthand experience of the brand and the products they offer, the experience goes beyond the store itself the company provides summer camps for children and youth workshops. Children aged 8-12 years get what is known as a â€Å"hands-on Mac experience, during a 3 hour workshop 8-13years olds can compose a song â€Å"in a garage band†, construct a photo album and create key note presentations. This illustrates on how Apple are trying to expand retail experience to their customers by going beyond the in store experience this will in return generate a positive outcome for Apple. Within regards to the designs of the stores, the interior represents three values, which are transparency, community and service. There is the open spacious interior containing the computers, IPods and IPhones which are neatly placed on tables this portrays transparency. Community is encouraged by the store through its theatre and its lounging areas and then the commitment into services is branded into customers minds as they are able to visit the genius bar, each store is looked at as a place where people can feel comfortable and are not intimidated by technology. Apple stores may be designed to sell but also at the same time they are designed to teach, customers who walk into an apple store just for a casual play of the products can find that the experience can quickly turn into some serious learning. When we look at a typical apple store it has three  spaces the first one is usually for play and for purchasing, and the other one is for learning a customer would typically come across these areas in that order. The shop is laid out in a simple manner enabling the customers to move around freely to admire the products within the store. Like any other store, apple stores consist of members of staff who wear a blue t-shirt with the apple logo in the middle making them easily recognisable to the public as the staff with a casual look. There always there to help customers with their knowledge on how to use the products. The members of staff always ensure to ask customers if they need help if the customer looks lost, this type of retail setting allows customers and members of staff to interact as the members of staff are always asked questions in regards to the products, and the questions that the customers ask the staff guide the learning and they reveal what has been learned and what else is there left to be learned. So in a sense Apple have able to take the relationship between the customers, staff members and the store to a different level of retailing and learning. The Apple store has built relevance into every section of the shop, the members of staff are aware that they have to start with the customer and with whatever knowledge the customer knows and then progress on from there. Despite the technology the apple store experience is more focused on forming a relationship with the products rather than just focusing on products. An Apples store experience generally provides a powerful image about the brand Apple is able to combine products together with service effectively in order to reward their customers with a unique experience in which customers are able to feel like learners who are able to develop valuable skills. The Apple store learning experience is greatly adapted and focused on the interests and the needs of the individual customer. Conclusion Retail experience is vital for all of the retailers to establish in order to looking at Apple they have successfully established an environment where customers would want to come back again and again so in conclusion Apple has shown that they value their customers by ensuring that their customers experience the products at first hand and by also taking that experience out  of the store by providing their customers with things like summer camps. It is vital that Apple continue to bring this experience to their customers because it will mean that they will generate repeat custom and also they will be able to attract new customers. Bibliography Books Berman, B. and Evans, J. (2010) Retail management a strategic approach. 11th Ed. New Jersey: Pearson education Inc, p.508, 509,510,512. Internet Sonera, T. (2006). Apple case study. Available: www.buyukdemirci.com/Apple/Apple_case_.pdf. Last accessed 18th November 2012. Journals Ballantine, P. et al. (2010) Atmospheric cues and their effect on the hedonic retail. International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, 38 (8), p.1, 2. Burns, D. and Neisner, L. (2006) Customer satisfaction in a retail setting: The contribution of emotion. International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, 34 (1), p.50, 51. Jones, P. et al. (2010) Retail experience stores: experiencing the brand at first. Marketing Intelligence Planning, 28 (3), p.243. KEMP, E. and KOPP, S. (2011) Emotion in consumption. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 10: p.1. Kronrod, A. et al. (2012) Hedonic Consumption and compliance with assertive messages. Journal of Consumer Research, Inc., 39 (1), p.52. Nsairi, Z. (2012) Managing browsing experience in retail stores through. International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, Vol. 40 (9), p.678. Swinyard, W. (199300) The Effects of Mood, Involvement, and Quality of Store Experience on Shopping Intentions. Journal of consumer research, 20p .271. Washor, E. et al. (2009) At the Core of the Apple Store: Images of Next Generation Learning. The Phi Delta Kappan, 91 (2), p.61, 62, 63

Application Of Theory In Pediatric Epilepsy Nursing Essay

Application Of Theory In Pediatric Epilepsy Nursing Essay Theories of nursing can be directly applied to nursing practice.   Middle range theories are especially important in caring for patients.   Recognizing that the theory of chronic sorrow is applicable to pediatric epilepsy patients is essential to the care of the child as well as their family.   The theory of chronic sorrow is related to periodic feelings of sadness that a person experiences due to a loss or chronic life dilemma.   The pertinence of chronic sorrow will be evaluated related to the nursing practice of pediatric epilepsy patients.   Pediatric epilepsy patients and their families face many ongoing problems which can trigger chronic sorrow at any given point in their lives.   A scenario surrounding the care of a pediatric epilepsy patient and their family will be discussed associated with the theory of chronic sorrow.   The nurse will learn from this paper the rationale behind applying nursing theories to their everyday nursing care. A Clinical Scenario in Pediatric Epilepsy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The middle range nursing theory of chronic sorrow is apparent in many patients and families affected by epilepsy.   Epilepsy is a relatively common diagnosis in the pediatric population.   Chronic sorrow can be triggered over and over again with new seizures, delay in development, treatments and the many restrictions on living life as normal children do.   Nursing care of a child and family experiencing the effects of epilepsy can be challenging.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An eleven year old female presented in the pediatric epilepsy monitoring unit for intractable epilepsy.   She had a diagnosis of epilepsy since the age of three months.   She also had secondary diagnoses of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and cognitive developmental delays.   Her family brought her to the hospital for a second opinion regarding treatment options for her intractable seizures.   The patient is an only child and lives at home with both of her biological parents.   The patients mother works outside the home and the father was a high school teacher but has made the choice to stay at home due to patients extensive needs and diagnosis.   The patient attends public school in a special needs classroom setting with other children with developmental disabilities.   She requires the use of a classroom aide due to her extreme behavioral outbursts.   Physical, occupational and speech therapies are provided for her while at s chool and she is reported as functioning at a twelve year old age level.   The parents revealed that the patient does not socialize well and most children are fearful of her due to her behavior.   They feel that she is challenging no matter what they do.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During their stay the parents displayed behaviors of inappropriate coping and chronic sorrow.   They often described the patient as: A Dr. Jekyll or Mr. Hyde.   She was observed to be pleasant at times, but had a short attention span.   Her behaviors could become disruptive and she had frequent outbursts.   She is dependent on others for assistance with hygiene due to frequent falls from seizures and inability to perform tasks on her own.   Her father also voiced that she had signs of regression over the last year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The family has never sought services or explored resources through any epilepsy foundation.   They have also never looked into any other community services such as the board of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities (MRDD), Wavier services or respite care.   The father reported that they have no choice but to try and cope through this lifelong disease.   The father appeared to be somewhat gruff secondary to his interactions and responsiveness towards the patients behaviors.   He was then observed on the video monitoring system to threaten the patient by showing his fist to patient.   Her mother was then seen pushing his hand away and said for him not to do this because they were on camera.   It is unknown to why the father was doing this jester or if he was angry at the time, but no physical abuse was seen.   The nursing staff felt at this point that there were many coping concerns and spoke to the family regarding their frustrations.   Social work and child psychiatry were also consulted to evaluate this escalating situation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During this admission an extensive surgical workup was performed.   The patient was taken off of all antiepileptic medication so that a seizure could be recorded and observed on the electroencephalogram (EEG).   It was very difficult and emotional for the family to hope for a seizure to help the patients overall prognosis.   After several days of purposeful sleep deprivation the patient began to have seizure activity that escalated to the point of status epilepticus.   The seizures were able to be controlled on the unit with medical treatment and the patient was restarted on her antiepileptic medication.   After a week of extensive monitoring it was determined that she was able to be released home with her parents to come back for epilepsy surgery at a later date. The Theory of Chronic Sorrow   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The middle range theory of chronic sorrow is relevant to families of children inside the field of pediatric epilepsy.   They may experience many emotions upon identification of this medical problem and throughout its management.   Chronic sorrow can be defined as periodic recurrence of permanent, pervasive sadness or other grief-related feelings associated with ongoing disparity resulting from a loss experience (Peterson and Bredow, 2009, p.149). It can occur in the individual with the illness or with the caregivers and family (Dunning, 1999).     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An experience of loss is usually a precursor usually to chronic sorrow. It may be a loss without a foreseeable end point. Examples of this could be: the birth of a disabled child or diagnosis of a chronic illness, or a more clearly defined loss event, such as the death of a loved one (Peterson and Bredow, 2009). A second precursor to chronic sorrow is considered to be disparity. A disparity is a gap between the current reality and the desired as a result of a loss experience (Peterson and Bredow, 2009, p. 149). A disparity happens when a patient or their family can not let go of the situation or the loss that has occurred. These can lead to recurring experiences of chronic sorrow. Trigger events can often bring about feelings of chronic sorrow.   A trigger event is defined as a situation, circumstance, or condition that brings the negative disparity resulting from the loss into focus, or exacerbates the disparity (Peterson and Bredow, 2009, p. 149).   This can depend on how often the patient has seizures and the affects that they have on the childs overall quality of life.   These events can also occur when the child has failed another medical intervention or is unable to accomplish an additional developmental milestone related to their chronic seizure activity.   One of the most frequent triggers of chronic sorrow in parents of small children with disabilities is the regression or absence of developmental milestones (Peterson and Bredow, 2009).   The trigger situations are usually unexpected and can appear at any given time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Management methods for the theory of chronic sorrow are essential in the care of the child and their family.   The management of chronic sorrow involves two different types of intervention.   These types of management interventions are considered to be internal and external.   Internal intervention includes personal coping throughout an episode of chronic sorrow.   Different types of action oriented strategies are used to help the patient or family feel more in control of the situation that they are experiencing (Peterson and Bredow, 2009).   Internal management can be also gained from support groups or speaking to other individuals in similar situations. Interpersonal communication is another strategy of internal management that has been identified in helping someone deal with their chronic sorrow (Peterson and Bredow, 2009). External interventions are those received from a reliable healthcare member.   It is important for professionals to recognize that individuals who have experienced a significant loss may evidence the periodic recurrence of grief-related feelings, defined as chronic sorrow (Peterson and Bredow, 2009, p. 154).   Nurses can use this knowledge to provide support to those patients or families experiencing an episode of chronic sorrow or to those that may be have an episode impending. It is important to identify whether or not the individual has any internal management interventions. These interventions can then be assessed, strengthened, and supported (Peterson and Bredow, 2009). Chronic sorrow can affect any person and nobody is immune to feeling of a loss. The emotions raised by chronic sorrow can affect every individual differently. The middle range theory of chronic sorrow provides a framework for understanding the reactions of individuals to various loss situations and offers a new way of viewing the experience of bereavement (Peterson and Bredow, 2009, p. 151). It is important for the entire healthcare team, especially the nurses caring for these individuals, to be aware of the chronic sorrow and the concepts that define it as a theory. The middle range theory of chronic sorrow has a widespread application for nurses and others who strive to better understand individuals responses to loss and to define effective interventions for those experiencing chronic sorrow (Peterson and Bredow, 2009, p. 157). Application of Chronic Sorrow to Pediatric Epilepsy   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  When a child is first diagnosed with epilepsy, the entire family and support system can become overwhelmed.   Chronic epilepsy can consume the lives of all involved with the child.   The child and their caregivers have to be concerned with medications, treatments, specialty diets, ongoing tests and appointments.   The child and their family also have to be aware of activity restrictions and precautions when at home, school, or out in public.   This can become a lifelong balancing act.   The theory of chronic sorrow becomes important for nurses to fully understand the care of a child with epilepsy.   There are so many trigger events that can be experienced by these children and their families that this can become an issue that arises often. According to the literature, chronic sorrow is considered to be a normal response to an ongoing loss (Peterson and Bredow, 2009). In the article by Hobdell (2007), chronic sorrow was studied with children and families affected by epilepsy. Regardless of onset, patient age, or circumstances involved, chronic sorrow is an important variable to consider.   The eleven year old patient and family who were cared for in the pediatric epilepsy unit had many issues that indicated that they were experiencing chronic sorrow. Their struggle with chronic sorrow began at diagnosis. Contending with the diagnosis of epilepsy and acting to overcome the inherent problems associated with this medical condition form the basis for a parents ability to cope with the care of a child with epilepsy (Hobdell, 2007). This family waited years to be blessed with this child and they were now facing the biggest uphill battle of their lives. The course of a childs seizures, potential complications, and long-term prognosis are often unknown (Hobdell, 2007).   This patient also faced diagnoses of ADHD and cognitive developmental delays seco ndary to her epilepsy. This family thought that the epilepsy was difficult enough, but they then had to try and cope with difficulties in every other aspect of their daughters life. This seems to be the time when their chronic sorrow intensified. The inevitable loss of the image of an ideal child, intensified by the diagnosis of a child with epilepsy, may initiate a mourning process that varies in intensity, rate, and duration (Hobdell, 2007). The diagnosis of epilepsy has affects on the entire family as well as the patient. The patients father felt as though he had to stay home to care for her seeing as she needed regular supervision and her mother could provide more monetarily. For parents who are working full time and caring for a child with chronic illness, the stressors related to managing work and caring responsibilities are magnified (Dunning, 1999). Her parents appeared to be involved, but were inappropriately reactive to episodic outbursts, which in turn seemed to increase the episodes. They were embarrassed that they were observed threatening the patient, but admittedly were not sure of how to effectively cope with the situation. Additional research has also examined adaptation, burden of care, and stigma as variables impacting stress and the ability to cope with the diagnosis of epilepsy (Hobdell, 2007). They blamed themselves for their daughters problems.   They explained that they tried to have a baby for ye ars.   After many unsuccessful pregnancies they believed that were blessed with this perfect angel.   When the patient started having seizures at the age of three months they were devastated and this is when the rollercoaster of their life began. Under these circumstances, it is common for parents to be reminded of the loss associated with the perfect child they once dreamed of or to experience an increased fear that their child may not be able to live the quality of life they once anticipated (Gordon, 2009). The diagnosis must initially be incorporated into daily life without it completely taking over (Hobdell, 2007). During the initial diagnosis of epilepsy the medical team explains the basics of what to expect, treatments, interventions for uncontrolled seizures, and safety precautions.   The nursing staff has a very important role with these patients and their families.   They can offer words of advice and examples of what others would do in a similar situation.   The nurses work hands on with these types of patients and families everyday and have a wealth of knowledge to help them feel that they are not alone.   Becoming accustomed to a new way of life can be very challenging.   Education is essential during the discharge process to help the family in being at ease with dealing with this new dilemma that they are facing.   Epilepsy can overpower a patient or familys independence.   Pediatric nursing is not only care of the children but care of the whole family (Dunning, 1999).   Nurses should effectively recognize matters of concern in families of children with epilepsy. This includes impending feelings of sorrow and their understanding and utilization of a variety of management and coping strategies. The capacity to promptly acquire this information may facilitate nurses in identifying families in need and put into action appropriate interventions. They must do this with the expectation of contributing to a more optimistic result for families of children with epilepsy. With an understanding of chronic sorrow, nurses can plan interventions that recognize it as a normal reaction, promote healthy adaptation, and provide empathetic support (Scornaienchi, 2003). Every aspect of the childs life must be addressed.   These issues include: home safety, personal care, school safety, driving, recreational activities, medical compliance, and social relationships. With the life-long issues that this child will face, they will need a significant amount of support from the nursing staff. Theories allow for the nursing staff to understand why a family feels the way they do and possible interventions in helping them cope with a difficult situation. The middle range nursing theory of chronic sorrow is applicable to any pediatric patient and their families dealing with the struggle of epilepsy. Adaptation occurs with both internal and external management. According to Gordons (2009) article, caregivers of patients found support from a variety of sources. The sources of support that this patient and family have are their extended family, friends, the nurses and other medical professionals. As nurses, our interventions should be listening to someone that is enduring chronic sorrow. Internal management differs in all individuals. Sometimes they do not want to reveal how they are feeling, especially to a complete stranger. Respecting the individuals internal management strategies will allow for the most positive results. Parents see strength and courage in their child and that alone gives them the strength they need (Gordon, 2009).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   External management of chronic sorrow is an intervention taken on by the patients nurses and other medical caregivers. When the nursing staff recognized that there were concerns regarding coping strategies they consulted the social work and child psychiatry teams for assistance.   Anticipatory guidance, support services, and community resources can be offered to these families (Dunning, 1999).   Nurses begin to build relationships with their patients and their families over the period of treatment.   During this time span, nurses may become aware of triggering events. Acting to prevent a triggering event or decreasing its capacity may suspend an episode of chronic sorrow.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The theory of chronic sorrow will be relevant throughout the ongoing treatment of the seizure activity. Sadly, in this field of pediatrics, many children and their families will have to manage with intractable epilepsy for the rest of their lives. In these cases, the family may have to suffer with chronic sorrow perpetually. When nurses have a thorough understanding of the theory of chronic sorrow, they will be able to provide more efficient support and help to diminish occurrences of chronic sorrow. Families who used effective adaptive strategies, such as methods to reduce the burden of illness, had a better quality of life (Scornaienchi, 2003). Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The nursing theory of chronic sorrow is crucial in taking care of patients in the specialty of pediatric epilepsy.   This theory directly applies to pediatric epilepsy due it its uniqueness and lifelong effects that it has on the patient and all members of the family.   The approach that the nurse and medical team takes in caring for this patient can help them learn to cope with this ongoing medical problem.   It is crucial for healthcare professionals to realize that the emotional response to epilepsy may have a negative impact on the child or their family.   They may have difficulty in adapting or adjusting to life changes, as well as have trouble in effectively coping and working towards promoting quality of life.   Every encounter with the patient or their family should focus on positive adjustments.   Offering support to help relieve the burden of chronic sorrow can be very beneficial for them.   Reducing feelings of guilt related to chronic sorrow can help facilitate adjustment between the patient and their family.   This all can allow for positive change in the lives of pediatric epilepsy patients and their families.   It has been found that little research has been done regarding chronic sorrow related to pediatric epilepsy and that it needs to be more thoroughly explored.   It should be determined whether intervention should be initiated at diagnosis with appropriate support and ongoing educational intervention.   Timeliness of intervention  may have a more positive impact on the child and their family in regards to perceptions of epilepsy and quality of life. Appendix   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In preparation for researching literature related to the theory of chronic sorrow and pediatric epilepsy I decided the best place to start was Kent State Universitys library homepage.   I formulated a plan ahead of time as to what kind of information was important to my search.   Precious time can be lost  from going into a search unsure of what information to look for.   I then went into the research database and found that the search engine EBSCO Host would allow me to search CINAHL, Medline Plus, and Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition at the same time.   I first narrowed my search by the term chronic sorrow which revealed one-hundred and thirteen articles.   I then narrowed my search further by adding in pediatric epilepsy which yielded one result.   I switched that term to just pediatrics due to only one article available for review and I was then able to view twenty articles.   From the results page I narrowed the articles to those that are less than 10 years old.   This process was essential in finding the exact information that I needed and left me with seventeen pertinent articles.   Many articles that I found would be important to my literature review were not available in full text.   Several of the articles were available through the Ohio Link, but due to time and distance factors to the college I found that I could access some of them directly from searching for them in Google Scholar.  Ã‚  Ã‚   I found this to be the most time efficient way to access the information I needed in my literature review.   I chose just the most appropriate articles available on my topic.   I did this by reading through the abstract to determine whether they would have any relevant information.   After reading through the abstracts, it was seen whether or not they would be beneficial to my literature review.  Ã‚   In doing this entire process I found four articles that were most appropriate in the literature revie w of pediatric patients suffering from chronic sorrow.

Clothing and Body Language in Literary Works and Art Essay -- Poe Baud

Clothing and Body Language in Literary Works and Art   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout life, clothing and body language are often utilized as sources of emotional expression. These emotions can also be portrayed in literaray works and artisitic displays, such as those of Poe, Baudelaire, Manet, and Warhol. In Poe's â€Å"Man of the Crowd,† there are several descriptions of different types of people based on their appearances, but one particular man is focused on by the narrator due to his unique appearance. Baudelaire's â€Å"The Painter of Modern Life† emphasizes the emotional expressions of beauty and fashion expressed in art. Manet is an artist who paints scenes to his liking. All of his works were done in his studio and set up the way that he wanted them. He holds a particular focus on men and women and the relationship between them. The positions and clothing that the men and women are set up in hold strong emotional implications about their feelings towards one another and the emotions involved in the social setting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The opening of â€Å"The Man of the Crowd,† describes the emotions involved in untold secrets and the deepest of crimes; there are internal conflicts, struggles, anxieties, and agonous results due to the horror of the unsolvable crimes. The possibility of these crimes is introduced through the man of the crowd through his unseemingly unidentifiable expression The narrator describes his thoughts of this man as: There arose confusedly and paradoxically within my mind, the ideas of vast mental power, of caution, of penuriousness, of avarice, of coolness, of malice, of blood-thirtstiness, of triumph, of merriment, of excessive terror, of intense - of supreme despair. I felt singularly aroused, startled, fascinated. â€Å"How wild a history,† I said to myself, â€Å"is written within that bosom!† Although the narrator had never spoken to this man of the crowd, he was compelled to follow him based on his expression that had never been viewed by the narrator. He continued to follow the man of the crowd, noticing his patterns of following people by the mass and his shambled cloting and he concluded that he â€Å"[was] the type and genious of deep crime. He refuses to be alone.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prior to viewing the man of the crowd, the narrator observed several different types of people, all of which were able to be â€Å"read† through their outward appearances... ...p is not meant to be applied naturally and should be used as a method of exhibition of their beauty. Although Baudelaire does not describe the actions of women in the section of makeup, he clearly praises women who wear makeup because of their holy nature and uncriticalness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Monet is able to express several emotions through his paintings, particularly through the arrangement and the depiction of the subjects in his work. In In The Conservatory, Manet focuses on the relationship between the man and the woman. The woman is properly dressed with buttons vertically lined up through her dress, thus constricting her presense. She has a fixed gaze and is not looking at the man. Although she is sitting comfortably, the woman has a rigid appearance. The man is leaning over towards her and is dressed like a dandy. The expressions on their faces and the way the man is leaning over the woman and looking at her appears as though he is pleading for forgiveness or attention. The rims of her eyes are red adding the possibility of her crying and an emphasis is placed upon their hands, which both contain wedding rings, suggesting that they are a married couple with problems.

Cameras on Every Corner

The city of Detroit should not have a camera on every corner. Yes we need to do something to make or city safer. Yes there are many unsolved crimes but the people in Detroit needs privacy. We should not have a camera watching every move we make. No matter where we go once we are outside our homes we will be getting watched. How much privacy do they expect us to give up for safety? If I'm alone in the park, I want to know that I'm actually alone. Video cameras however don't really reduce crime. They do act as somewhat as a deterrent and they certainly help identify the perpetrators, but overall it doesn't really do much. We know this through studies from London, England where nearly every street corner has a video camera. Overall, the crime rate of London has not really dipped at all since these were placed. Having a spy camera on every corner makes some people feel more at ease. The picture may be worth a thousand words, but it doesn't tell the whole story. A spy camera in the school bus may show the bus driver not doing anything during a brawl. It looks bad. What is doesn't show is that the traffic did not offer the driver a chance to pull over and that she was trying to contain the situation as best she could with her words. The picture won’t tell everything. Having these cameras could cause another crime. Someone a night guard, employee, hacker, etc. could sell the surveillance tapes to use them to determine a pattern of behavior to plan another crime. Also our city is in a lot of debt. So why would we spend millions of dollars on all those cameras? That money could be paying off debts. Buying all those cameras would put us in more debts which would cost people there jobs. Without our jobs people won’t be able to get the things they need to live. The people will need some money for our own common good. The city of Detroit should not have cameras on every corner.

Women of Crime and Punishment essays

Women of Crime and Punishment essays The women of Crime and Punishment share several common characteristics, that of self-sacrifice, suffering, and strong will. The three main female characters of Dostoevsky's masterpiece, Dounia, Sonia, and Katerina Ivanovna, all possess these attributes. We first hear of Dounia from the letter Raskolnikov receives in Book I: that she was involved in a scandal where she was falsely accused of having an affair. The suffering during that whole affair must have been intense. Her strong will prevails even in the face of total condemnation by the town, and her self-sacrificing capabilities extend even to marrying a pooch like Luzhin simply for money. Sonia, on the other hand, is equally strong willed and self-sacrificing, but is less bold about showing it. The fact that she could go into prostitution, something obviously against her very nature, to save her family is testament to both the power of her resolve and the willingness to suffer for a cause. She was equally willing to give up her life and follow Rodya to Siberia, showing again her traits of self-sacrifice. Katerina Ivanovna suffers horribly throughout the book. Afflicted with hideous disease, she ignores her own personal health in favor of washing the children's linen all night long, and gives up Sonia to prostitution, probably an even more horrible sacrifice than death. The fact that she could survive at all, let alone think about helping others, is a monumental testimony to her intense strength of character. Overall, these three women are tributes to strong will, martyrdom, and suffering. Dostoevsky knew the life of a woman was no picnic, and he couldn't have said it better. ...

Harp Seal Facts (Pagophilus groenlandicus)

Harp Seal Facts (Pagophilus groenlandicus) The harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus), also known as the saddleback seal, is a true seal best known for its adorable furry white pups. It gets its common name from the markings resembling a wishbone, harp, or saddle that develop on its back in adulthood. The seals scientific name means ice-lover from Greenland. Fast Facts: Harp Seal Scientific Name: Pagophilus  groenlandicusCommon Name: Saddleback sealBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 5.9-6.2 feetWeight: 260-298 poundsLife Span: 30 yearsDiet: CarnivorousHabitat: North Atlantic and Greenland SeaPopulation: 4,500,000Conservation Status: Least Concern Description All seal pups are born with a yellow coat, which whitens until its first molt. Juveniles and most females have a silver-to-gray coat with black spots. Adult males and some females develop a darker head and a dorsal harp or saddle marking. Females weigh around 260 lb and are up to 5.9 ft in length. Males are larger, weighing an average of 298 lb and reaching a length of 6.2 ft. The male harp seal has a harp pattern on its back. Jurgen Christine Sohns / Getty Images Blubber insulates the seals body, while flippers act as heat exchangers to warm or cool the seal. Harp seals have large eyes, each with a tapetum lucidum to aid vision in dim light. Females identify pups by scent, but seals close their nostrils underwater. Seal whiskers, or vibrissae, are highly sensitive to vibration. They give the animal a sense of touch on land and the ability to detect movement underwater. Habitat and Distribution Harp seals live in the North Atlantic and Greenland Sea. There are three breeding populations, located in the Northwest Atlantic, Northeast Atlantic, and the Greenland Sea. The groups are not known to interbreed. Harp seal distribution. Jonathan Hornung Diet Like other pinnipeds, harp seals are carnivores. Their diet includes several species of fish, krill, and other invertebrates. The seals display food preferences that appear to be most heavily influenced by prey abundance. Predators and Hunting Juvenile seals are eaten by most terrestrial predators, including foxes, wolves, and polar bears. Adult seals are preyed on by large sharks and killer whales. However, humans are the primary harp seals predators. Historically, these seals were hunted for their meat, omega-3 fatty acid-rich oil, and fur. Today, seal hunting mainly occurs in Canada, Greenland, Norway, and Russia. The practice is controversial, as the demand for seal products appears to be decreasing and the killing method (clubbing) is graphic. In Canada, commercial hunting is restricted to November 15 to May 15, with kill quotas in place. Despite restrictions, the harp seal retains commercial importance. Hundreds of thousands of seals are hunted each year. Reproduction and Offspring Each year between February and April, adult harp seals return to breeding grounds in the White Sea, Newfoundland, and the Greenland Sea. The males establish dominance by fighting each other using teeth and flippers. They court females using flipper movements, vocalizations, blowing bubbles, and performing underwater displays. Mating occurs underwater. After a gestation period of about 11.5 months, the mother usually gives birth to a single pup, although twins sometimes occur. Birth takes place on sea ice and is extremely fast, taking as little as 15 seconds. The mother does not hunt while nursing and loses up to 3 kg of mass per day. At birth, the pups coat is stained yellow from amniotic fluid, but it quickly turns pure white. The mother stops nursing and abandons the pup when its time to mate. Birth, weaning, and mating all occur during the same breeding season. Initially, the abandoned pup is immobile. Once it sheds its white coat, it learns to swim and hunt. Seals gather annually on the ice to molt their coat, which involves shedding both fur and blubber. Juveniles molt several times before achieving an adult pelt. Harp seals can live over 30 years. Conservation Status Harp seal are listed as least concern on the IUCN Red List, and their numbers are increasing. As of 2008, there were at least 4.5 million adult harp seals. This population growth can be explained by the decrease in seal hunting. However, the seal population is still threatened by several factors which could severely impact the species in the near future. Oil spills and water pollution subject the species to heavy chemical contamination and decrease its food supply. Seals get tangled in fishing gear, which leads to drowning. Harp seals are susceptible to distemper, prion infections, and other diseases, which may impact mortality rates. The most significant threat is climate change. Climate change causes a reduction in sea ice, forcing seals to move to new areas. Whether the seals can adapt to such change is unknown. Sources Folkow, L.P. and E.S. Nordà ¸y. Distribution and diving behaviour of harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus) from the Greenland Sea stock.  Polar Biology.  27: 281–298, 2004.Kovacs, K.M. Pagophilus groenlandicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species  2015: e.T41671A45231087 doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41671A45231087.enLavigne, David M. in Perrin, William F.; Wursig, Bernd; Thewissen, J.G.M., eds. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (2nd ed.). 30 Corporate Drive, Burlington Ma. 01803: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-373553-9, 2009.Ronald, K. and J. L. Dougan. The Ice Lover: Biology of the Harp Seal (Phoca groenlandica).  Science.  215  (4535): 928–933, 1982.

Free Essays on Pan Africanism

Pan Africanism is various movements in Africa that have as their common goal the unity of Africans and the elimination of colonialism and white supremacy from the continent. However, on the scope and meaning of Pan-Africanism, including such matters as leadership, political orientation, and national as opposed to regional interests, they are widely, often bitterly, divided. One catalyst for the rapid and widespread development of Pan-Africanism was the colonization of the continent by European powers in the late 19th cent. The First Pan-African Congress, convened in London in 1900, was followed by others in Paris (1919), London and Brussels (1921), London and Lisbon (1923), and New York City (1927). These congresses organized chiefly by W. E. B. DuBois and attended by the North American and West Indian black intelligentsia, did not propose immediate African independence; they favored gradual self-government and interracialism. In 1944, several African organizations in London joined t o form the Pan-African Federation, which for the first time demanded African autonomy and independence. The Federation convened (1945) in Manchester the Sixth Pan-African Congress, which included such future political figures as Jomo Kenyatta from Kenya, Kwame Nkrumah from the Gold Coast, S. L. Akintola from Nigeria, Wallace Johnson from Sierra Leone, and Ralph Armattoe from Togo. While at the Manchester congress, Nkrumah founded the West African National Secretariat to promote a so-called United States of Africa. Pan-Africanism as an intergovernmental movement was launched in 1958 with the First Conference of Independent African States in Accra, Ghana. Ghana and Liberia were the only sub-Saharan countries represented; the remainder were Arab and Muslim. Thereafter, as independence was achieved by more African states, other interpretations of Pan-Africanism emerged, including: the Union of African States (1960), the African States of the Casablanca C... Free Essays on Pan Africanism Free Essays on Pan Africanism Pan Africanism is various movements in Africa that have as their common goal the unity of Africans and the elimination of colonialism and white supremacy from the continent. However, on the scope and meaning of Pan-Africanism, including such matters as leadership, political orientation, and national as opposed to regional interests, they are widely, often bitterly, divided. One catalyst for the rapid and widespread development of Pan-Africanism was the colonization of the continent by European powers in the late 19th cent. The First Pan-African Congress, convened in London in 1900, was followed by others in Paris (1919), London and Brussels (1921), London and Lisbon (1923), and New York City (1927). These congresses organized chiefly by W. E. B. DuBois and attended by the North American and West Indian black intelligentsia, did not propose immediate African independence; they favored gradual self-government and interracialism. In 1944, several African organizations in London joined t o form the Pan-African Federation, which for the first time demanded African autonomy and independence. The Federation convened (1945) in Manchester the Sixth Pan-African Congress, which included such future political figures as Jomo Kenyatta from Kenya, Kwame Nkrumah from the Gold Coast, S. L. Akintola from Nigeria, Wallace Johnson from Sierra Leone, and Ralph Armattoe from Togo. While at the Manchester congress, Nkrumah founded the West African National Secretariat to promote a so-called United States of Africa. Pan-Africanism as an intergovernmental movement was launched in 1958 with the First Conference of Independent African States in Accra, Ghana. Ghana and Liberia were the only sub-Saharan countries represented; the remainder were Arab and Muslim. Thereafter, as independence was achieved by more African states, other interpretations of Pan-Africanism emerged, including: the Union of African States (1960), the African States of the Casablanca C...

Domestic Violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Domestic Violence - Essay Example de in changing laws and creating laws to eradicate domestic violence with penalties that include financial fines and jail sentences; domestic violence continues to be a problem in America (Bullock, 2007). For a long time in America, domestic violence was considered a matter between the husband and wife, mother and father, or romantic couple. That has changed, and with this change the courts are looking at ways to apply sentencing guidelines that serves the people involved and the public at large in the best and safest ways. One of the aspects of sentencing is whether or not a man (or woman) should be sentenced to time in jail. That is a disruption of the family life, including employment, and putting the man away from the family, when in fact keeping the family in tact and rehabilitating the offender with therapy and education might be a better solution. The ways in which violators in domestic violence cases were categorized and were perceived long determined how they were treated. The treatment, in most cases, and prior to recent laws that force the justice system to deal with perpetrators legally; was to make excuses for the perpetrator, to blame it on finances, or some other personal emotional response to an outside precipitator ( Bullock, 2007, p. 34). While some called this making excuses and placing blame, there is perhaps some degree of usefulness to these â€Å"excuses.† That is that it may be more useful to rehabilitate the perpetrator, than to incarcerate the perpetrator. If these outside issues, precipitating factors, or even if the source of the perpetrator’s dysfunction and abuse is one of learned behavior from his or hr own family upbringing; then it makes sense that rehabilitation and therapeutic services would be an even greater deterrent to domestic violence than would be incarceration. To get the courts to support rehabilitation over incarceration, the question as to whether or not the domestic abuser can be rehabilitated must be

Enterprise Resource Planning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Enterprise Resource Planning - Research Paper Example The product that has been chosen for analysis, SAP ERP, also offers the services to manage one’s business and provide a structured form to the business operations. SAP (2011) explained that SAP ERP has a diverse range of services related to it; self-services for managers and employees, sales-order management, corporate performance management etc. The module of self services (for manager and employees) enables the employees to apply for leaves, in accordance with the number of leaves that have been unconsumed by them. The leaves are instantly sent to the manager in an automated manner for his approval. This system can be useful to create efficiency and productivity in the human resources operations since all the operations are automated. SAP (2011) stated that the availability of data, such as on-going projects and previous leave applications, facilitates effective decision making from the manager. The module of sales order management offers access control to sales data, order processing and basis for the analysis of relevant data. Enterprise Resource Planning Newsletter (2011) agreed that the automation of operations reduces the need for constant administration; therefore administration costs can be reduced significantly.

Career review and action plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Career review and action plan - Essay Example This self-awareness forms part of what Goleman calls ``emotional intelligence which is an important emotional competency and cornerstone in one’s personal success. (McCarthy and Garavan 1999). Concretely, emotional intelligence is defined as a â€Å"form of social intelligence that involves the ability to monitor one’s own and other’s feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use this information to guide one’s thinking and action† (Salovey & Mayer, 1990 cited in Cherniss, 2000 pg. 4). Emotional intelligence is not only beneficial to me in terms of enhancing my professional success through social competency but could also improve my relationship to others. This improved relationship with others has several beneficial implication. On a personal level, it will improve my personal relationship with others making my personal life richer and fuller. On a professional level, it will make me an effective member of any organization be it a b usiness organization or a simple sports team. Self-awareness with a conscious effort to improve, to understand oneself as one relates to other people is an indispensable skill and trait that one must have if one is to succeed in one’s personal career particularly if it involves people. It is because getting things done particularly on large scale involves working with other people from varying background (social, education, culture, etch), other teams and the ability to work with others requires emotional and social competency to effectively relate to others of which self-awareness is a requisite. Psychometric and personality test are useful tools that help determine ones personality, character and motivation that would serve as a guide or signpost in charting one’s action plan. As the legendary strategist Sun Tzu said that knowing oneself is half in winning a battle. This

Nicolaus Copernicus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nicolaus Copernicus - Essay Example was aware of this and could not present any observational "proof" in his manuscript, relying instead on arguments about what would be a more complete and elegant system. From publication until about 1700, few astronomers were convinced by the Copernican system, though the book was relatively widely circulated (around 500 copies are known to still exist, which is a large number by the scientific standards of the time). Many astronomers, however, accepted some aspects of the theory at the expense of others, and his model did have a large influence on later scientists such as Galileo and Johannes Kepler, who adopted, championed and (especially in Kepler's case) sought to improve it. Galileo's observation of the phases of Venus produced the first observational evidence for Copernicus' theory. The Copernican system can be summarized in seven propositions, as Copernicus himself collected them in a Compendium of De revolutionibus that was found and published in 1878: 1. Orbits and celestial spheres do not have a unique, common, center. 2. The center of the Earth is not the center of the Universe, but only the center of the Earth's mass and of the lunar orbit. 3. All the planets move along orbits whose center is the Sun, therefore the Sun is the center of the World. (Copernicus was never certain whether the Sun moved or not, claiming that the center of the World is "in the Sun, or near it.") 4. The distance between the Earth and the Sun, compared with the distance between the Earth and the fixed stars, is very small. 5. The daytime motion of the Sun is only apparent, and represents the effect of a rotation that the Earth makes every 24 hours around its axis, always parallel to itself. 6. The Earth (together with its Moon, and just like the other planets) moves around the... Copernicus' major work, was the result of decades of labor. It opened with an originally anonymous preface by Andreas Osiander, a theologian friend of Copernicus, who urged that the theory did not necessarily have implications outside the limited realm of astronomy. Copernicus' actual book began with a letter from his (by then deceased) friend, the Archbishop of Capua, urging Copernicus to publish his theory. Then, in a lengthy introduction, Copernicus dedicated the book to Pope Paul III, explaining his ostensible motive in writing the book as relating to the inability of earlier astronomers to agree on an adequate theory of the planets, and noting that if his system increased the accuracy of astronomical predictions it would allow the Church to develop a more accurate calendar (calendar reform then being an important question and one of the major reasons for Church funding of astronomy.

How different was Sparta from other Greek States Essay

How different was Sparta from other Greek States - Essay Example Some scholars feel that other states felt that Sparta was too obsessed with war and power and that this is the reason why this stated paid attention to the development of a strong army and their involvement in war. Additionally, this is the city that gave a woman the right to conduct business and train for war. Resultantly, other states felt safe to associate with Sparta especially during periods of war. A deep analysis of the Sparta state will unveil the difference of this state compared with other states. The Sparta social structure comprised of three categories of individuals; the citizens, Periokioi and the Helots. The citizens formed the large group of native citizens who were the original habitants of the land. This group of people formed the loyal part of the society. They formed part of the army and had the absolute right to own any kind of property. In the structure oligarchy that existed, the citizens were the superior people that dominated the society. The Periokioi were a group of people who had migrated to this society. They formed the intermediate group that separated the inhabitants and slave. Since this group was way below the habitants, they were not allowed to partake in military action but could own land and control business. They trusted than the minority group of the Helots in this society. The Helots were those people who had entered the country and did not have the right to own land nor participate in war. The formed the source of labour and worked in the lands a nd business enterprises in the society. As observed, the country applied oligarchy unlike other nations such as Athens that were fully democratic1. On this note, this was a good environment only for the original habitants while the aboriginals were treated as inferior beings. The military system in Sparta was stronger than any other in the whole of Greece. The Original citizens in this state were compulsorily supposed to attend military training at their early age. Unlike in

Law of contract- Exclusion causes and privity Case Study

Law of contract- Exclusion causes and privity - Case Study Example Failure to meet such obligations, they will be liable for any damage. Such liability is strictly for the parties involved in a contract in exclusion to any third parties. The privity doctrine therefore stipulates that only the parties in a given contract can sue or be sued regarding the contract. This gives two different principles that can be derived from the doctrine. One is that any person or entity who is not a party in the contract does not have rights to enforce the contract and also that such a person is not bound by a contract in which he is not a party. It confers no rights or obligations to any except those engaged in a contract through agreement (Treitel, 1995). Economic development and growth in international trade has led to globalization in trade and given rise to legal conventions. In most business contracts most single contractors make arrangement with third parties who benefit from such contracts the growth of such contracts has increased calling for law reforms in many countries. With the growth of economies, the doctrine of privity, which prohibits conferment of contracts benefit to third parties raises a number of complexity to contracts which are made with the intention to benefit a third party. It frustrates such contracting parties while a third party who may have arranged with the contracting party in a contract suffers losses and ends up inconvenienced. In the case of the contract in question there are two parties in the contract, namely; Ace Steamers Ltd and Beth. In this contract, Beth entered into a contract with AC Steamers Ltd and bought two tickets, one for her daughter Carol and one for herself. Applying the doctrine of privity in this case, though Carol is bought for the ticket, she is not a party in the given contract and can not sue AC Steamers Ltd for any breach. She is also not liable for any damage that may be done by Beth. In this case we realize that Beth's intention was to benefit Carol and we clearly see some of the difficulties raised by the doctrine of privity. The case of Dunlop Pneumatic tyre Co Ltd versus Selfridge and Company is a classic example where Dunlop Pneumatic tires Co Ltd sold tyres to Selfridge and Co Ltd on condition that they would sell the tires below the greed price. Selfridge went on and sold to a third party based on the same conditions but the third party went on and sold the tyres below the price agreed and Dunlop Pneumatic sued them for a breach and the case was ruled that there was no contract between the third buyer and Dunlop Pneumatic Co Ltd. In the case in question Carol has no right of action against the Ac Steamers Co Ltd. However Beth being a party in the contract can sue for damages that herself has incurred. There are a few exceptions to the doctrine of privity which comprise means of circumventing the doctrine of privity. Under insurance contracts the doctrine of privity excepted in insurance policies for the advantage of third parties such that a policy is effected by the assured for his life, and also expressed as benefit of his dependants such that she can sue in the particular insurance company as long as it's assigned in writing. The doctrine of privity also faces exception in matters of family development and marriage settlements, where a contract is an arrangement on marriage

Nicolaus Copernicus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nicolaus Copernicus - Essay Example was aware of this and could not present any observational "proof" in his manuscript, relying instead on arguments about what would be a more complete and elegant system. From publication until about 1700, few astronomers were convinced by the Copernican system, though the book was relatively widely circulated (around 500 copies are known to still exist, which is a large number by the scientific standards of the time). Many astronomers, however, accepted some aspects of the theory at the expense of others, and his model did have a large influence on later scientists such as Galileo and Johannes Kepler, who adopted, championed and (especially in Kepler's case) sought to improve it. Galileo's observation of the phases of Venus produced the first observational evidence for Copernicus' theory. The Copernican system can be summarized in seven propositions, as Copernicus himself collected them in a Compendium of De revolutionibus that was found and published in 1878: 1. Orbits and celestial spheres do not have a unique, common, center. 2. The center of the Earth is not the center of the Universe, but only the center of the Earth's mass and of the lunar orbit. 3. All the planets move along orbits whose center is the Sun, therefore the Sun is the center of the World. (Copernicus was never certain whether the Sun moved or not, claiming that the center of the World is "in the Sun, or near it.") 4. The distance between the Earth and the Sun, compared with the distance between the Earth and the fixed stars, is very small. 5. The daytime motion of the Sun is only apparent, and represents the effect of a rotation that the Earth makes every 24 hours around its axis, always parallel to itself. 6. The Earth (together with its Moon, and just like the other planets) moves around the... Copernicus' major work, was the result of decades of labor. It opened with an originally anonymous preface by Andreas Osiander, a theologian friend of Copernicus, who urged that the theory did not necessarily have implications outside the limited realm of astronomy. Copernicus' actual book began with a letter from his (by then deceased) friend, the Archbishop of Capua, urging Copernicus to publish his theory. Then, in a lengthy introduction, Copernicus dedicated the book to Pope Paul III, explaining his ostensible motive in writing the book as relating to the inability of earlier astronomers to agree on an adequate theory of the planets, and noting that if his system increased the accuracy of astronomical predictions it would allow the Church to develop a more accurate calendar (calendar reform then being an important question and one of the major reasons for Church funding of astronomy.

Law of contract- Exclusion causes and privity Case Study

Law of contract- Exclusion causes and privity - Case Study Example Failure to meet such obligations, they will be liable for any damage. Such liability is strictly for the parties involved in a contract in exclusion to any third parties. The privity doctrine therefore stipulates that only the parties in a given contract can sue or be sued regarding the contract. This gives two different principles that can be derived from the doctrine. One is that any person or entity who is not a party in the contract does not have rights to enforce the contract and also that such a person is not bound by a contract in which he is not a party. It confers no rights or obligations to any except those engaged in a contract through agreement (Treitel, 1995). Economic development and growth in international trade has led to globalization in trade and given rise to legal conventions. In most business contracts most single contractors make arrangement with third parties who benefit from such contracts the growth of such contracts has increased calling for law reforms in many countries. With the growth of economies, the doctrine of privity, which prohibits conferment of contracts benefit to third parties raises a number of complexity to contracts which are made with the intention to benefit a third party. It frustrates such contracting parties while a third party who may have arranged with the contracting party in a contract suffers losses and ends up inconvenienced. In the case of the contract in question there are two parties in the contract, namely; Ace Steamers Ltd and Beth. In this contract, Beth entered into a contract with AC Steamers Ltd and bought two tickets, one for her daughter Carol and one for herself. Applying the doctrine of privity in this case, though Carol is bought for the ticket, she is not a party in the given contract and can not sue AC Steamers Ltd for any breach. She is also not liable for any damage that may be done by Beth. In this case we realize that Beth's intention was to benefit Carol and we clearly see some of the difficulties raised by the doctrine of privity. The case of Dunlop Pneumatic tyre Co Ltd versus Selfridge and Company is a classic example where Dunlop Pneumatic tires Co Ltd sold tyres to Selfridge and Co Ltd on condition that they would sell the tires below the greed price. Selfridge went on and sold to a third party based on the same conditions but the third party went on and sold the tyres below the price agreed and Dunlop Pneumatic sued them for a breach and the case was ruled that there was no contract between the third buyer and Dunlop Pneumatic Co Ltd. In the case in question Carol has no right of action against the Ac Steamers Co Ltd. However Beth being a party in the contract can sue for damages that herself has incurred. There are a few exceptions to the doctrine of privity which comprise means of circumventing the doctrine of privity. Under insurance contracts the doctrine of privity excepted in insurance policies for the advantage of third parties such that a policy is effected by the assured for his life, and also expressed as benefit of his dependants such that she can sue in the particular insurance company as long as it's assigned in writing. The doctrine of privity also faces exception in matters of family development and marriage settlements, where a contract is an arrangement on marriage

Buddhism Versus Greek Mythology Essay Example for Free

Buddhism Versus Greek Mythology Essay â€Å"[A human being] experiences himself, his thoughts and feelings as something separated from the rest, a kind of optical delusion of his consciousness, â€Å"said Albert Einstein. â€Å"Our task must be to free ourselves from this prison by widening our compassion to embrace all living creatures and the whole of nature in its beauty† (â€Å"Heart Quotes†). Einstein’s view on nature is similar to that of Indian Buddhists. Life-giving Indian weather inspired the Buddhist cyclic view of rebirth while the rugged terrain of Greece inspired their harsh outlook on nature. Buddhists believe man is one with nature while Greek mythology emphasizes the all-importance of man. Buddhists live in harmony with nature whereas the Greeks show violence towards it and all its creatures. However, as the Greek mindset shifted towards philosophy, so did it shift towards similar reverence towards nature. The defining distinction between these two perspectives on life is that the outlook on nature of Buddhists show values from the belief that all is in harmony with Atman, whereas the Greek outlook on nature shows that man is above nature. India is a country of lush plains, striking mountains, beautiful deserts, and dazzling bays. 2, 545 years ago, this incredible scenery served as the backdrop to Buddha’s life and eventual Enlightenment, from which Buddhist teachings would one day grow (Eckel 6). The impact of Buddha’s surroundings on Buddhist thinking is obvious, especially when one takes into consideration India’s dramatic seasonal climate changes. Every summer in India, the monsoons arrive. Every summer in India is monsoon season, a time of torrential downpours raging uninterrupted for months. Before these monsoons, the earth is dried and parched; food and water are scarce. It is, in every way, a season of death. Then, however, the rain arrives, harsh and relentless, but life giving nonetheless. The rain is the amniotic fluid catalyzing the re-entrance of life unto the barren earth. This annual cycle of death and rebirth presents the native people with a dire ultimatum: they must either obey nature or not survive. If they try to go against nature’s course, they will inevitably fail. Nature controls life. Observing this phenomenon, Buddhists learned from nature and realized that this cycle can be found everywhere. They realized that humans undergo an equivalent cycle called samsara, or reincarnation. - â€Å"He could no longer distinguish the many voices, the cheerful from the weeping, the children’s from the men’s: they all belonged together. The lament of the knower’s yearning and laughing, the screaming of the angry, the moaning of the dying- everything was one; everything was entwined and entwisted, was interwoven a thousand fold. And all of it together, all voices, all goals, all yearnings, all sufferings, all pleasures, all good and evil-the world was everything together. Everything together was the river of events, was the music of life. And when Siddhartha listened attentively to this river, listened to this song of a thousand voices, when he did not listen to sorrow or laughter, when he did not bring his soul to any one voice and did not enter them with his ego, but listened to all of them, heard the wholeness, the oneness- then the great song of the thousand voices consisted of a single word, which was ‘om’: perfection†¦belonging to the oneness† (Hesse 118-119). At the core of Buddhism lies an important lesson about maya and Enlightenment. To reach Enlightenment, one must understand all. One of the first steps towards such understanding is to understand maya, or illusion. Everything that one sees, feels, and tastes belongs to the world of maya. Even one does not exist but in the world of maya. Thus, if all does not exist, then all is equal. One is equal to everything in the surrounding world, especially nature. All are one in Atman, which is the heart of all of Buddhism. Everything is one. All of this separation from nature and from one another is simply maya, or an illusion. Consequently, in Buddhism, any injustice done to nature is an injustice to oneself. To reach Enlightenment, peace and oneness with nature are essential. Man and nature are one. Therefore, everyone and everything, especially nature, should be treated as so. â€Å"[Siddhartha said,] ‘This stone is a stone, it is also an animal, it is also God, it is also the Buddha, I love and honor it not because it would become this or that someday, but because of this because it is a stone, because it appears to me now and today as a stone, it is precisely because of this that I love it and see worth and meaning in each of its veins and pits, in the yellow, in the gray, in the hardness, in the sound it emits when I tap it,  in the dryness or dampness of its surface. [T]hat is precisely what I like and what seems wonderful to me and worthy of worship†¦I love the stone and the river and all these things that we contemplate and also a tree or a piece of bark. These are things and things can be loved† (Hesse 126-127). In harmony with the principle of reincarnation, any plant, creature, or other aspect of nature is a part of the cycle of rebirth. Therefore, any of these can one day become a man, for when something in nature dies, it undergoes the cycle of rebirth and can be reborn as anything. One day, it will become a human. Nature holds the ability within itself to be a human and, for that reason, should be considered as an equal. The true magnitude of nature’s presence in Buddhism is truly portrayed by the distinct mentioning of Siddhartha reaching enlightenment under a tree, specifically the Bodhi tree or the Asiatic fig tree (Gach 16). The scriptural account of the Enlightenment of Buddha gives this significance to nature when Buddha sits under the Bodhi tree for seven whole days. After the seven days, the Buddha gets up only to sit down again at an Ajapala banyan-tree for another length of time. He rises once again just to sit down once more at the foot of a Mucalinda tree (â€Å"Bodhi Leaf†). Nature is therefore made clear as one of the most important aspects of Buddhism. As Buddhists have such a deep reverence for nature, they believe in keeping peace with every aspect of nature. This does not just mean plants but also animals and other living creatures. However, that does not mean that all Buddhists must be vegetarians although it is strongly suggested to do so. It is said that the act of eating meat is a form of karma that will lead a person farther from Enlightenment. Therefore, the more meat one eats in one’s various lives, the more times one will have to experience the cycle of death and rebirth. On the other hand, some Buddhists believe in another view of meat eating. One is allowed to eat meat that one receives unless one knows or suspects that the meat in question was killed especially for one (Epstein). As far as sacrificial practices, meat is not sacrificed but instead herbs and incense are given up in prayer. Peace is a very important aspect of treating nature. Peace comes in many forms: peace towards environment, towards creatures, towards man, etc. A Buddhist definition of peace is â€Å"softening what is rigid in our hearts† (Chodron 17). In keeping with their attitude towards nature, Buddhists also believe that a man should not kill another man for any reason. In Buddhism, war is never the answer. In fact, the first few lines of the Dhammapada, a Buddhist scripture, state â€Å"For love is not conquered by hate: hate is conquered by love. This is a law eternal† (Chappell 81). Therefore, instead of fighting hate with hate, Buddhists believe in fighting hate with love. That is the only way to overcome and to reach Enlightenment. â€Å"’When someone seeks,’ said Siddhartha,’ then it easily happens that his eyes see only the thing that he seeks, and he is able to find nothing, to take in nothing because he always thinks only about the thing he is seeking, because he has one goal, because he is obsessed with his goal. Seeking means: having a goal. But finding means: being free, being open, having no goal. You, Venerable One, may truly be a seeker, for, in striving toward your goal, you fail to see certain things that are right under your nose. † (Hesse, 121-122) As previously stated, to reach Enlightenment, Buddhists believe all that is needed is understanding. The ultimate goal of Buddhists is to attain this understanding, this meaning, this Enlightenment. However, one must be aware that spending a life seeking is not the way to reach Enlightenment. To be a faithful Buddhist, one must understand that the key is not to seek. For, in seeking, as this quote says, the obvious is not seen. Buddhism then teaches that to reach Enlightenment, one must find not seek. Therefore, Buddhists do not seek to explain nature (Hanh 78). They are content with nature as it is- unexplained, for nature’s explanations can be found without seeking. â€Å"’Is this what you mean: that the river is everywhere at once, at its source and at its mouth, at the waterfall, at the ferry, at the rapids, in the sea ,in the mountains, everywhere at once, and only the present exists for it, and not the shadow of the future? ’ ‘That is it,’ said Siddhartha. ‘And when I learned that, I looked at my life, and it was also a river and the boy Siddhartha was separated from the adult Siddhartha and from the old man Siddhartha only by shadow, not by substance. Nor were Siddhartha’s earlier births the past, and his death and his return to [Atman] are no future. Nothing was, nothing will be; everything is, everything has being and is present† (Hesse 94). A final important aspect of Buddhism is the concept that time does not exist. Time is a man-made notion that does nothing but bring about worries. All sufferings in life can be attributed to time. Buddhists believe that once the concept of time is released, life will hold no more problems, worries, or stresses. Only then can Enlightenment be truly reached. When the concept of time is destroyed inside oneself, it allows for a completely new philosophy to surface. Greece is a country lined with hostile, jagged mountains, in which there are very few arable location surrounded by threatening seas. There is no cycle, no preconception, no structure. To the Ancient Greeks, it seemed that nature was not kind; nature was no friend to them. Therefore, their logic decided that they should be no friend to nature. Such was the physical and mental location of this people, and the beginning of many differences between Greek thought and Buddhism. Greeks living about six hundred years ere the birth of Christ were very religious, as well as very diverse spiritually. All the answers to their questions were found in different religions. Ancient Greeks passed down their religious traditions orally through myths. A myth is â€Å"a story about the gods which sets out to explain why life is as it is† (Gaarder, 22). Greek mythology was an integral part of Greek culture. The ‘miracle of Greece’ is a phrase that describes the awakening of Greek culture and its effects on the rest of the world. One way the Greeks accomplished this was through their focus on man’s importance. They put mankind at the center of their world so that man was all-important. The Greeks even created the gods in their own image, complete with very human qualities. This was the first time in history that a god was made into a recognizable, tangible form. Erstwhile, gods had no lucidity about them. â€Å"Greek artists and poets realized how splendid a man could be, straight and swift and strong. He was the fulfillment of their search for beauty. They had no wish to create some fantasy shaped in their own minds† (Hamilton, 9). Man was put on a pedestal and made the most prominent being in the world, so that he was made into a deity. Any human could be the son of a god, thereby half-divine, an idea unheard of before this time. This idea of man being the ultimate authority is in complete contradiction to Buddhism, where man was equal to nature, not above it. â€Å"And soon as the men had prayed and flung the barley, first they lifted back the heads of the victims, slit their throats, skinned them and carved away the meat from the thighbones and wrapped them in fat, a double fold sliced clean and topped with strips of flesh. And the old man burned these over dried split wood and over the quarters poured out glistening wine while young men at his side held five-pronged forks. Once they had burned the bones and tasted the organs they cut the rest into pieces, pierced them with spits, roasted them to a turn and pulled them off the fire† (Homer 93) Myths were also used for other purposes than learning. â€Å"But a myth was not only an explanation. People also carried out religious ceremonies related to the myths† (Gaarder, 25). Like most other religions at the time, the Ancient Greeks’ religions consisted of brutal rituals and rites that contrasted greatly to the thoughts of Buddhism (Connolly 87). Buddhism teaches of kindness to animals whereas Greek religion utilized animal cruelty as part of their holy worship to the gods. The gods of Olympus, who were created in the ultimate image of the Greek people, used the forms of innocent animals to manipulate and get what they wanted. In many instances, Zeus used the guise of animals when he wanted to capture a woman and gain her trust. â€Å"[T]hat very instant [Zeus] fell madly in love with Europa [ H]e thought it well to be cautious, and before appearing to Europa he changed himself into a bull† (Hamilton 101). However, rather than setting an example to revere animals, this teaches people to use animals in any way possible to reach the desired end. Even more opposed to Buddhism was the fact that a Greek hero was someone who had extreme strength or other physical features that he could use against animals. Hercules is one of the best examples of this notion. He is considered the greatest Greek hero ever to live. Through a tragic sequence of events, he killed his sons and wife, but was doomed to live on in order to undergo a series of trials to redeem himself. His first predicament was to â€Å"kill the lion of Nemea. Hercules solved [that] by choking the life out of [the lion]† (Hamilton 231). Hercules also had to drive out the â€Å"Stymphalian birds, which were a plague to the people of Stymphalus because of their enormous numbers† (Hamilton 232). This shows that, unlike Buddhists, Greeks could not live in peace with nature, but instead hated nature. Ancient Greeks did not want anything to do with nature, let alone be a part of it. Hercules also had to capture many animals in these trials such as the â€Å"stag with horns of gold†, â€Å"a great boar which had its lair on Mount Erymanthus†, â€Å"the savage bull that Poseidon had given Minos†, â€Å"the man-eating mares of King Diomedes of Thrace†, the cattle of Geryon†, and â€Å"Cerberus the three-headed dog† (Hamilton 232-233). Hercules inspired the Greeks not by staying in peace with nature but instead by forcing it to conform to his will in a harsh, cruel way. Hercules made sure he was above nature, a predicament the Buddhists avoided and even condemned. In summary, Greeks wanted to overcome nature whereas Buddhists wanted to be one with nature. â€Å"So by the beaked ships the Argives formed for battle, arming round you, Achilles –Achilles starved for war-and faced the Trojan ranks along the plain’s high ground[†¦T]he Achaeans kept on gaining glory- great Achilles who held back from the brutal fighting so long had just come blazing forth. Chilling tremors shook the Trojans’ knees, down to the last man, terrified at the sight: the headlong runner coming, gleaming in all his gear, afire like man-destroying Ares† (Homer 503, 505). As previously stated, Buddhists lived by the doctrine to fight hate with love. If Ancient Greeks had a concise doctrine about war, it would have been to fight hate with more hate. Ancient Greek civilization centralized around their love of carnage. The majority of Ancient Greek myths revolved around war or other forms of fighting. The Iliad is a 537-page myth about one war and it glorifies all aspects of war. The heroes of The Iliad are not monks or The Buddha like in Buddhism. Instead, the heroes of The Iliad are Achilles and Hector, two soldiers magnificent in warfare and bloodthirsty through and through. In addition, Achilles is most illustrious in The Iliad when he is the most sanguinary. â€Å"[Diomedes] went whirling into the slaughter now, hacking left and right and hideous groans broke from the drying Thracians slashed by the sword-the ground ran red with blood. [†¦]Tydeus’ son went tearing into that Thracian camp until he’d butchered twelve. [†¦]But now the son of Tydeus came upon the king, the thirteenth man, and ripped away his life. [†¦]Patroclus tore [Pronous’s] chest left bare by the shield-rim, loosed his knees and the man went crashing down. [†¦ Then Patroclus] stabbed [Thestor’s] right jawbone, ramming the spearhead square between his teeth so hard he hooked him by that spearhead over the chariot-rail, hoisted, dragged the Trojan out. [†¦Patroclus then] gaffed him off his car [†¦] and flipped him down face first, dead as he fell. Next [†¦] he flung a rock and it struck between [Erylaus’s] eyes and the man’s whole skull split in his heavy helmet. [Patroclus] crowded corpse on corpse on the earth. † (Homer, 292, 426-427) Even more horrific to the eyes of Buddhists would be the battle scenes in The Iliad that truly show the awe and glory the ancient Greeks saw in war. The Iliad was a myth that served more as entertainment than anything else. This shows that Ancient Greeks were amused by this kind of literature. Buddhists believe in not seeking to explain nature. By contrast, Ancient Greeks did precisely this with their myths. â€Å"[A myth] is an explanation of something in nature; how, for instance, any and everything in the universe came into existence: men, animals, this of that tree or flower, the sun, the moon, the stars, storms, eruptions, earthquakes, all that is and all that happens† (Hamilton 12). Ancient Greeks wanted to know how everything happened around them so they could manipulate their environment more easily. This is a central division between Ancient Greeks and Buddhism. Whereas Buddhists believe that time does not exist, Ancient Greeks were engrossed by time. All throughout The Iliad, Homer stresses how long the war has been going on and how it worries and distresses everyone involved. Unlike Buddhists, the Greeks do not disown the belief of time. They stay true to the traditional man-made vision of time instead of throwing out their problems by abandoning the idea of time. â€Å"[The natural philosopher] Heraclitus (c. 540-480 B. C. )[†¦] was from Ephesus in Asia Minor. He thought that constant change, or glow, was in fact the most basic characteristic of nature. [†¦ ]‘Everything flows,’ said Heraclitus. Everything is in constant flux and movement, nothing is abiding. Therefore we ‘cannot step twice into the same river. When I step into the river for the second time, neither I nor the river are the same’† (Gaarder 34). Slowly, Greek culture started to move away from religion and more towards philosophy. It evolved from a â€Å"mythological mode of thought to one based on experience and reason† (Gaarder 27). People could make ideas for themselves and create new beliefs instead of going back to the myths. The world started a shift from relying on religion to analyzing the world with science and philosophy. Surprisingly, this is where similarities between Greek and Buddhist culture were born. At first, the two religions of the ancient Greeks and the Buddhists clashed greatly. However, through the move away from mythical religion the Greek beliefs were brought closer towards the religion of Buddhism. Heraclitus here used the same metaphor for his philosophy as Siddhartha used for his. Although the passages were said in different situations and with different words, both quotes have the same general philosophy that time does not truly exist. A river is usually a sign of separation; a river acts as a divider in most cases. However, this river brings two very different cultures together in a very powerful way that is clear to all. Nature is everything outside and inside a man or a woman or a child. Nature is every breath taken, every step forward, every glance made, every wind blown, and every flower planted. The two cultures of Greece and Buddhism showed great contrasts in the beginning but one resounding similarity was found in something as simple as a river. India shows a cyclic weather that inspired the thought of rebirth while Greece shows a harsh terrain that inspired animosity between man and nature. As a consequence, Buddhists thought that nature and man are one while Greeks were taught to be above nature and manipulate it in any way possible. Buddhists lived in ultimate peace while the ancient Greeks lived in love of carnage. The Buddhist outlook on nature is derived from the belief that man is one with nature whereas the original Greek outlook is derived from the thought that man is above nature. Nature is the essence of the world, the aura of everything around people. These two cultures, although vastly different, impacted human belief and intellect forever.

Hypothesis Teenagers Pregnancy Health Essays

Hypothesis Teenagers Pregnancy Health Essays Nowadays we have serious problems about the teenagers pregnancy and the abortion. People do not take serious about having sex before marriage. It is now became a way to developing relationship each other. Teenagers pregnancy is not that serious problem. The abortion is most an important matter in this situation. The abortion is a murder. It is killing their baby. I want to talk about the pregnancy and the abortion in the world. Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by the removal or expulsion from the uterus of a fetus or embryo. Its means that fetus is killed. Abortion gives harmful facts to humans body. If someone wants to do abortion because of their fine life, they killed their baby and themselves. Abortion has various methods. The baby removes for the use of sharpened tools, physical trauma, and other traditional methods. It also has a history for the methods. Many countries have a various way to doing an abortion. In many parts of the world there is prominent and divisive public controversy over the ethical and legal issues of abortion. There are many types of abortion methods. This graph is showing us about the way to remove fetus in various time. The contraception also has a time slots. The medicine called Nolevo is most powerful method for non-surgical. If women take this medicine after having sex, the chemicals from medicine kill sperm and prevent adapting between sperm and ovum. But that is only possible in 72hours. The time before 24hours is most successful duration for the preventing. In the case of failure of medical abortion, vacuum or manual aspiration is used to finalizing the surgical abortion. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Abortionmethods.png/350px-Abortionmethods.png a0101451_49700a68ec887.jpg Surgical method is the most safety way to remove the fetus. They do not put anything on to the uterus. They suctioning in to the uterus and cut off the baby. The baby thrown out from the womb is killed or forced to dead. This is a picture of the baby came out from the womb. This baby cannot see the world and cannot breath and does not have name. it just killed by their parents. In the first 12 weeks, suction-aspiration or vacuum abortion is the most common method for the abortion. Manual Vacuum aspiration (MVA) abortion consists of removing the fetus or embryo. Sooner abortion gives reliable result. Manual Vacuum Aspiration also known as mini-suction and menstrual extraction can be used in early pregnancy. From the 15th week until 26th, Dilation and Evacuation is used. It consists of opening the cervix of the uterus and emptying it using surgical instruments and suction. Dilation and curettage is the second most common method of abortion. It examines of the uterine lining for the possible malignancy, investigation of abnormal bleeding and abortion. Curettage is cleaning the walls of the uterus with a curette. The World Health Organization recommends this procedure (also called sharp curettage) only when Manual Vacuum Aspiration is not available. There are some other techniques of abortion in the second trimester. Premature delivery can be induced with prostaglandin. This can be coupled with injecting the amniotic fluid with hypertonic solutions containing saline or urea. After the 16th week of gestation abortions can be induced by intact dilation and extraction which requires surgical decompression of the fetus head before evacuation. A hysterectomy abortion is a procedure similar to a caesarean section. It is performed under general anesthesia. It requires a smaller incision than a caesarean section and is used during later stages of pregnancy. From the 20th to 23rd week of gestation, an injection the fetal heart is used as the first phase of the surgical abortion. It is make sure of the fetus is not born alive. An herbal abortion is one another methods in the world. It is safe and effectual methods to women. Herb is plant and it has strong flavour and health things on it. There are many effective herbs for abortion. Parsley, black cohosh and pennyroyal are common useful herbs for abortion. Parsley is generally considered to be both safe and effective. But it is limited if a blast cyst has implanted in the lining of the womb. It is unlikely that herbal abortions with parsley are effective when more than a few days have passed since implantation. Parsley oil is nominally effective in this capacity, but it is also considered to be immensely dangerous. It can cause severe inflammation throughout the body. Many countries know that black cohosh can be extremely effective in treating many disorders of the female reproductive system. And it is also used in the traditionally uses. Many people believe that it is a safe home abortion method. Pennyroyal is the herb most widely known for its abortifacient properties. While there are a few rare herbalists and naturopathic gynecologists who recommend its use pennyroyal is generally considered to be very unsafe owing to its ability to cause acute and terminal liver failure. There have been several case reports of deaths in women who used pennyroyal to induce abortion. It is likely that other incidents have gone unreported. Pennyroyal will cause even more serious complications than other abortfacient. While all herbal abortion methods and pharmaceutical abortion pills can cause death if the pregnancy has implanted outside of the uterus. The legislation about the abortion is become a serious matter in this time. People do not care about the abortion and they do not want have a baby. If they get a baby they thought it is just a miracle and their fault. Then they decided abortion too easily. Even women suffered rape; they decided to kill the baby. My opinion is that if women have a baby of raping. The government and all the care line must allow doing an abortion. Because that baby is not their loved and they do not want to get that baby from strangers. If government does not allow that then, they have to take the baby to others or give her money to care that baby. Abortion is illegal against the Bible. The Bible said that the baby is same if it is born or none born. It is a creature from God. International status of abortion law http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/AbortionLawsMap-NoLegend.png/350px-AbortionLawsMap-NoLegend.png   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Legal on request   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Legal for rape, maternal life, health, mental health, socioeconomic factors, and/or fetal defects   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Legal for or illegal with exception for rape, maternal life, health, fetal defects, and/or mental health   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Illegal with exception for rape, maternal life, health, and/or mental health   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Illegal with exception for maternal life, health, and/or mental health   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Illegal with no exceptions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Varies by region   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No information This is the law about the abortion around the world wide. # 1    Russia: 2,766,360   # 2    United States: 1,210,880   # 3    India: 596,345   # 4    Japan: 343,024   # 5    France: 161,129   # 6    Italy: 134,137   # 7    Germany: 97,936   # 8    Bulgaria: 97,023   # 9    Cuba: 83,963   # 10    Hungary: 76,957   # 11    Canada: 70,549   # 12    Sweden: 37,489   # 13    Israel: 15,509   # 14    Norway: 13,672   # 15    New Zealand: 11,173   # 16    Finland: 9,884   # 17    Greece: 1,216   # 18    Iceland: 807   # 19    Poland: 559   Total: 5,728,612  Ã‚   Weighted average: 301,505.9  Ã‚   This is the graph of the abortion ranking. Before the 19th century, most US states had no specific abortion laws. Women were able to end a pregnancy prior to viability with the assistance of medical personnel. Abortion is one of the most visible, controversial, and legally active areas in the field of medicine. These laws have a variety of controversial questions; The issue of parental notification. A number of state laws do require that some minors notify parents before obtaining an abortion, but what provisions are necessary to protect young women who feel they cannot notify their parents? Should spouses be notified before a woman has an abortion? Has the pregnancy progressed far enough that the foetus could live on its own before termination (termed viability)? Should there be mandatory waiting periods before an abortion can take place? What might be mandatory wording for counseling sessions or consent forms? Should public funds be used for abortions? What regulations if any should apply to abortion providers? What provisions might be made against specific abortion techniques? Should emergency contraception be allowed? Should the rules be different in cases of sexual assault and rape? Approximately 25% of the world population lives in countries with highly restrictive abortion laws. It has mostly in Latin America, Africa and Asia. These are the countries where abortion is most restricted according to the law. In some countries, such as in Chili, women still go to prison for having an illegal abortion. Women can chose one, either abortion or having a baby. This selection is most difficult in her life. Because both options will gives her pain. Most states allow a grace period of around six months after the child is born. This grace period permits the birth mother to change her mind about placing the child for adoption. They want to become a parent; they must change their mind before. If they care their child with curious way, that child will get a hurt. It means it is not different when they kill this baby. If they do not want to get a baby then abort it and they decide to have a baby then get the baby and care this baby as like as your real baby. People against abortion argue that parents need to be informed about and approve an abortion for a daughter younger than 18 years.  Those supporting the rights of a woman to choose abortion said that the parental consent is not required for a woman to carry a pregnancy to term. If or not do parents need to give permission for a woman seeking birth control such as pills or an intrauterine device. Parents are also not consulted when a woman seeks treatment for a sexually transmitted disease. Research shows that many young women younger than 18 years  do involve their parents in their decision to abort (45%). Laws requiring parental consent are forcing minors to obtain abortions much later in their pregnancies. Some minors must travel great distances to states with no such law. The highest teenagers pregnancy rate is United States. It has an amount of 494,357 births  from the teenagers. The statics of abortion are researched as; In the United States: In 2003, about 16 women for every 1,000 women aged 15-44 years had an abortion, and for every 1,000 live births, about 241 abortions were performed, according to the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. In the past 20 years, considerable progress has been made in the technology used for second-trimester abortion. This and the social issues surrounding abortion have led to more women seeking terminations later in pregnancy. Safety: Legal abortion is a safe procedure. Infection rates are less than one percent and fewer than 1 in 100,000 deaths occurs from first-trimester abortions. Abortion is safer for the mother than carrying a pregnancy to term. Medical and surgical abortions are both safe and effective when performed by trained practitioners. Race: Most women seeking abortion are white (53%) 36% are black, 8% are of another race, and 3% are of unknown race. Age: Abortion rates are highest among 20- to 24-year-old women. Rates are lowest among women younger than 20 or older than 40 years but these women are far more likely to have an abortion if they become pregnant. In other world: Abortion causes at least 13% of all deaths among pregnant women. New estimates are that 50 million abortions are performed worldwide each year, with 30 million of them in developing countries. Approximately 20 million of these are performed unsafely because of conditions or lack of provider training. WORLDWIDE Number of abortions per year = 42 Million Number of abortions per day = 115,000 83% of all abortions are obtained in developing countries and 17% occur in developed countries. It means that developing countries has a highest birth rate. Developed countries people can abort their baby but it is not possibly to do of developing countries people. That is why Africa and Eastern Asia has many birth and death rate. Children will die before an age of 1~2. As with many developing countries the rate of teenage pregnancy in South Africa is high. Most people argue that this is a substantial problem for the country. It is an expression of a failure to help young girls deal with sexuality. This failure leads to not only pregnancies and abortions but also to STDs and HIV and AIDS. Women get an AIDS from sexual relationship and her baby also get an AIDS from birth. There are many factors behind teenage pregnancy in South Africa. Often adequate knowledge of contraception is lacking due to negative attitudes regarding sexual activity before marriage. Young girls are not educated about contraceptive use because many believe around that. They must wait until they are married to have sex anyway. Teenage pregnancy in South Africa is mainly a problem among women who live in rural. South Africas urban female adolescents are also at a high risk of finding themselves pregnant at an early age. These urban girls have become addicted to drugs, alcohol, and expensive lifestyles. It is to ensure that they have the money for their desires. They sadly stumble onto the path of prostitution and often become pregnant and drop out of school. Unfortunately, there are a number of myths the most prominent being that sleeping with a virgin will cure HIV-AIDS that actually promote the rape of young women. In many cases these victims are left pregnant. Education regarding these myths and other issues relating to teenage pregnancy in South Africa are believed to be fundamental in dealing with the problem of adolescent pregnancy. Many education programs, however, are controversial, as is the practice of forcing a young girl who is visibly pregnant to drop out of school furthermore; a consensus has not been reached as to what degree tradition should play in educating young girls. One controversial practice that may be impacting teenage pregnancy in South Africa is that of virginity testing in rural KwaZulu-Natal, where girls on average between the ages of 7 and 26 allow a stranger to check if their hymens are intact. The girls are overjoyed when the test confirms they are virgins. People supporting this practice say that it is an effective tool in stopping the spread of teenage pregnancies and HIV, while opponents claim that the practice is unconstitutional, unhygienic and a violation of human rights. Advocates of the practice also agree that virginity testing is unhygienic at the moment, as the tester touches up to 600 girls a day, often with bare hands and without washing hands between girls; however, advocates claim that if the government supported the practice, there would be funding to purchase gloves, food, and areas where girls could be tested in private. Furthermore, many supporters of the practice argue that in a country where rape of young girls is prevalent, virginity testing is proving to be a useful method of uncovering sexual abuse on young girls who fear speaking out about it. PREGNANCY, CONTRACEPTION, ABORTION Marie Stops Clinics Has 30 day clinics and 10 micro clinics around the country offering safe abortions, family planning services including birth control, pregnancy tests, male and female sterilization, HIV testing and ante-natal services. Fees charged according to clients income bracket. Toll free: 0800 11 77 85 National: (011) 838 3271 http://www.mariestopes.org.za/home.aspx This is a service that about cares of abortion. Teenagers pregnancy is too much difficult to care it. In school there must have a support system. People do not want to their children gets pregnancy before marriage. But that can be happened in this stage. A sexual relationship is became a ways of love and developing their relationship. If one of the students in the school gets a baby, what can school do to that girl? That girl does not want to attend a school and will get an afraid against meet all her friends. Then the school must help her to get rid of everything on her mind. Tell all the students that take care of her like before. The school must have; Student help-line(far away from the class) School mini-hospital Psychologist office Pharmacy Bed room These various things give more comfortable to the pregnancy students. There are a lot of abortifacient facts in the world. The Pill Progesterone only, low dose combination pills Progesterone hormonal contraceptives have three mechanisms of actions Prevent ovulation Thicken the cervical mucus to prevent sperm from entering the uterus and fallopian tube Alter the lining of the uterus so implantation cannot take place. If third action is occurs, the abortion is work. It means that a human cannot continue to develop without the nourishment from the mothers uterine wall. It is important to educate ourselves and our clients about this potential action of the Pill. Those who seek to protect the sanctity of human life from the point of fertilization should be cautious about taking any drug which could end the developing childs life. Norplant This implant is placed under the skin of the arm for up to a 5 year period. The progesterone hormones effect is to suppress ovulation. But after 2 years there is a greater chance of break-through ovulation and fertilization. The hormone may prevent implantation of the embryo. They break up of connection with womans fertilisation. Depo-Provera This Progesterone hormone derivative is injected every 3 months to prevent a woman from ovulating. But it also alters the uterine lining. Break-through ovulation and fertilization will be occurs. The hormone may prevent implantation of the embryo. Then the foetus cannot get the place to live. Morning after pill This medication has an anticipatory effect on the endometrial. That is a hardening of the lining of the uterus. It prevents implantation of the tiny new human being (blast cyst stage). For example, a rape victim had ovulated just before the assault and fertilization had occurred, then the use of such medication after the event would clearly be abortive. There is a possibility that can act in a sterilizing fashion. The large hormone could rapidly affect in the ovary and prevent an ovulation that going to occurred one to three days after the intercourse. If sperm were still present and active in the womans genital tract, she might have been fertilized one to three days after the event. In this case some have suggested that such treatment might actually prevent a pregnancy. There is no way of knowing if she was fertilized at all. If it is so, which effect the medicine had. RU-486 When a woman takes RU-486, it kills her baby by interfering with progesterone. The hormone which keeps the baby implanted in the wall of the mothers uterus. Two days later, the woman returns to the clinic to receive a prostaglandin drug which induces labour and expels the dead embryo RU-486 is used until 7 weeks after the first day of her last menstrual period. If the baby hasnt been expelled by the time the woman makes her third visit to the doctor, she will require a surgical abortion procedure. Raymond, Klein and Dumble are the pro-abortion authors of RU486 Misconceptions. It stress that RU-486 is not safe for women and list the following contraindications. A person should not take RU-486 under age 18 or over 35 menstrual irregularities history of fibroids abnormal menstrual bleeding or endometriosis cervical incompetence previous abortion or abnormal pregnancies pelvic inflammatory disease recent use of IUD or the pill 3 months Methotrexate Misoprostol Two drugs that were developed for cancer and ulcer treatment are now being used in combination to kill babies. Methotrexate is used to poison the baby and then Misoprostol empties the uterus of the baby. Keep in mind that Methotrexate is a chemotherapy drug with the potential for serious toxicity. It can result in the death of the mother as well as the baby. Aftercare Aftercare is more an important things for the lady who did take abortion. Either surgical or medical abortion gives very harmful effects on humans body. They have to know clearly about that and before they going out from the hospital. You may ask the questions to the doctors. I researched about the aftercare of surgical abortion. Most of them are also possibly to a medical abortion as well. On taking care of yourself Basic things Drink lots of fluids Stay off work for a few days if you can Take vitamins, eat healthy food, and try to sleep Take the antibiotics prescribed by your doctor right away and for the full amount of days prescribed! No exercise for two weeks No swimming or tub baths for 2 weeks Dont lift anything over 15 pounds for two weeks, dont use anything vaginally for 2-4 weeks no sex, no tampons, no douches. You can ovulate as soon as two weeks after an abortion, which means yes, you could get pregnant again within two weeks after an abortion! After the 2-4 weeks is over, you should not have sex again unless you feel physically recovered, and have discussed with your partner what you want to do if an unplanned pregnancy occurs again. Do not let yourself be pressured into having sex again before you are physically and emotionally ready. You can get pregnant as soon as two weeks after an abortion. Your body normally will go back to its regular cycle. So once you decide you are ready to resume sexual intercourse again, make sure you are using birth control right away. As many of us know birth control is not 100% effective. It is very important that you dont have sex again until you are healed physically and emotionally and you have a clear consensus on what will happen if you become unexpectedly pregnant again. For women who had an abortion for maternal health reasons or for a poor prenatal diagnosis. Consult your doctor about birth control and future pregnancies. If you were 9 or more weeks along in the pregnancy. It is possible that you may have trouble with milk or a milky fluid leaking from your breasts after the abortion. This can be upsetting, but it wont last for long. Its a normal effect of the hormones that your body releases when you are no longer pregnant. These hormones make your body start to produce milk. Whenever a pregnancy is ended. Your breasts may feel sore, tight, swollen, and will leak out droplets of clear to whitish fluid. At times the milk may let down, and a substantial amount of liquid may come out. Wear a well-fitting/snug bra and try to avoiding stimulation of your breasts or nipples. Wear the bra 24 hours a day until your milk dries up. It can take one to four weeks for the milk to dry up. It will not be as painful as it originally feels when the milk first comes in as the milk is not used the pressure on the milk ducts will cause the milk to dry up. Keep wearing that snug-fitting bra, and take Tylenol for the sor eness, and this will subside. If you develop a fever, or extreme tenderness in either of your breasts, consult a doctor there is also a condition where your milk glands can get infected and this will need to be treated with antibiotics. Visit the Recent Abortion Support Board or to the Medical Questions Problems. In the Weeks time after abortion The pregnancy hormones that your body generates to keep you pregnant start to dissipate after the pregnancy has been terminated. Depending on how far along in the pregnancy you were and how sensitive you are to hormones. You may have pregnancy hormones still in your body for up to a year after an abortion. For the first 2-4 weeks time after abortion. Your hormones will make you feel like you are on an emotional rollercoaster ride. You need to do; Cry at the drop of a hat, and for no reason Still have problems with nausea Still have problems with tiredness and weakness May still feel slightly pregnant and swollen May still test weakly positive on a pregnancy test May feel extremely depressed May have no appetite, and no desire for food May have trouble sleeping, or concentrating,p> After the first month the pregnancy hormones are still there and they are slowly leaving your body. It can take from 6-24 months after an interrupted pregnancy before your body and hormonal systems feel completely back to normal again. This means that; Your period may come at a different time each month, even if it was regular like clockwork before. It may come in 25 days, then not come for 35 days, and may be different every month, and may be completely different from your normal period. The length of your period (amount of days during which you bleed) may vary from month to month The amount of bleeding and the amount of cramping you have may vary from a little to a lot. It may be different every month. It may be completely different from your normal period. You may feel signs of pregnancy again each month before your period starts. Which could include of swollen and tender breasts, nausea, tiredness, cravings for foods, fullness in the uterine area, frequent urination, back pain and stronger than usual PMS. Your cervix may feel tender and sex may be difficult or painful All of these above symptoms and occurrences have been reported again and again by women visiting this site. However if you are having sex, it is also possible for you to become pregnant again, and technically you can get pregnant again within two weeks after an abortion, you can also get pregnant while you are having your period. So be very careful, use lots of birth control, and we know that even birth control is not 100% effective. I recommend having alternative forms of sex when possible. If your partner is loved and understanding, he should be able to work with you while you recover, and find alternate ways to enjoy each other, without slowing your physical recovery, and allowing you the chance for closeness without doing things your body is not ready for. Like this, aftercare of the abortion is very important. You can get a baby in 2 weeks time if you having sex after that time. You have to have keep your body relaxes. 2 weeks time is most important period to who have abortion. They have to do the checklist about the careless. If they avoid to doing a check, they will get a serious problems after that time. It also gives a disease. Postabortal Hematometra is severe cramping. It discomforts due to the collection of blood in the uterus that can occur following evacuation of the uterus. This kind of disease causes that the cervical becomes blocked. The uterus fills with clots and continues to bleed. The uterus cannot contract. You have to go to hospital if you get these various strange things. It is sign for the Postabortal Hematometra. The signs are consists of a severe cramping, Sweating, Lightheadedness, Nausea Vomiting and diarrhea. You can immediately treats using prompt reevaluation of the uterus produces rapid relief of symptoms. Aspiration will yield blood and clots. There is rarely any remaining pregnancy tissue. It should be ensured that the uterus is completely evacuated. Most abortions are safe and uncomplicated. Most women do not have physical problems afterwards. But some surgical procedure has risks. There are possible serious complications. If someone do not feel well or are worried that something might be wrong. You can call a doctor or your local ER. Dont worry about being embarrassed or ashamed about that youve had an abortion. Calling and telling what is going on with you. Some women are extremely sensitive to pregnancy hormones. This can cause depression to her. Doctor must check about that and give her a prescription. If you are still have trouble with depression after 2 months of abortion. You should seek out treatment from a doctor. The same hormones that cause PPD and PMDD are the ones active in your system after an abortion. It can cause severe depression if your system is sensitive to these hormones. Prevent abortion How to prevent abortion? It is a rhetorical question to all of you. Preventing abortion is impossible at that stage, but we can prevent it beforehand. Prevent pregnancy is the only way to prevent all the failure. Abortion is like an AIDS. It also increases the birth and death rate. AIDS is a disease but abortion is murder. I would like to share with the various methods for preventing pregnancy. 244-180-127.jpg There are many ways to prevent. The pill is both before having sexual relationship and after having sex. After pill is an emergency contraception like Nolevo. It must be taken within 72 hours of unprotected sex in order to prevent an unplanned pregnancy. A woman must take 1 Norlevo and a second pill 12 to 24 hours later. Beside Norlevo, most combination birth control pills can also be used. Take within 72 hours of unprotected sex. One dose 100  µg ethinylestradiol + 500  µg levonorgestrel (2-4 birth control pills), 12 hours later a second dose. For the women, there are many things to prevent. I researched it and it has; DIAPHRAGM is a rubber disk with a flexible rim that covers the cervix and must be used together with spermicidal. It is available by prescription only and must be sized by a health professional. The diaphragm protects for six hours and should be left in place for at least six hours after the last intercourse but not for longer than a total of 24 hours. ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES protect against pregnancy by the combined actions of the hormones estrogens and progestin. The hormones prevent ovulation. The pills have to be taken every day as directed and do not work after vomiting or diarrhoea. Side effects of the pill can be nausea, headache, breast tenderness, weight gain, irregular bleeding, and depression. DEPO-PROVERA is a hormonal contraceptive injected into a muscle on the arm or buttock every three months. The injection must be repeated every 3 months. The menstruation can become irregular and sometimes even absent. IMPLANTS (such as Norplant or implanon) are made up of small rubber rods, which are surgically implanted under the skin of th